Simple Past Tense VS Present Perfect Tense

Simple Past

It is used to indicate past actions or past habitual action or past habitual actions.

Examples :

• My mother worked in this store last year.
• Momon wrote a letter yesterday.
• The expedition started in London in 1897.
• We visited our uncle in Tegal 3 weeks ago.
•  I went to the supermarket yesterday.

Present Perfect

It is used to show finished actions with results that are important now, or they are news now.

Examples :

• She has cleaned the rooms already.
•  He has bought some books.
•  They have gotten into the bus.
• We have taken our breakfast.
• Someone has turned off the light.

Adjective Clause

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

This page contains information about adjective clauses. Also see Adverb Clauses and Noun Clauses.

Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they modify nouns.

The teacher has a car. (Car is a noun.)

It’s a new car. (New is an adjective which modifies car.)

The car that she is driving is not hers.

(That she is driving is an adjective clause which modifies car. It’s a clause because it has a subject (she) and a predicate (is driving); it’s an adjective clausebecause it modifies a noun.)

Note that adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify; adjective clauses always follow the nouns they modify.

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B. A sentence which contains one adjective clause and one independent clause is the result of combining two clauses which contain a repeated noun. You can combine two independent clauses to make one sentence containing an adjective clause by following these steps:

1. You must have two clauses which contain a repeated noun (or pronoun, or noun and pronoun which refer to the same thing). Here are two examples:

The book is on the table. + I like the book.

The man is here. + The man wants the book.

2. Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative pronoun in the clause you want to make dependent. See C. below for information on relative pronouns.

The book is on the table. + I like which

The man is here. + who wants the book

3. Move the relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there). The clause is now an adjective clause.

The book is on the table. + which I like

The man is here. + who wants the book

4. Put the adjective clause immediately after the noun phrase it modifies (the repeated noun):

The book which I like is on the table.

The man who wants the book is here.

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C. The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns.

1. These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which.

These relative pronouns can be omitted when they are objects of verbs. When they are objects of prepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition.

WHO replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. In informal writing (but not in academic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb.

WHOM replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be the subject of a verb.

WHICH replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It cannot replace nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition.

THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be the subject of a verb. It can also be the object of a verb or preposition (but that cannot follow a preposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow a preposition).

2. The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where.

WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns (see WF11 and pro in Correction Symbols Two). It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be part of a subject or part of an object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object. Whose cannot be omitted. Here are examples with whose:

The man is happy. + I found the man’s wallet. =

The man whose wallet I found is happy.

The girl is excited. + Her mother won the lottery. =

The girl whose mother won the lottery is excited.

WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted. Here is an example with when:

I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.=

I will never forget the day when I graduated.

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

I will never forget the day on which I graduated.

I will never forget the day that I graduated.

I will never forget the day I graduated.

WHERE replaces a place (in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is an example with where:

The building is new. + He works in the building. =

The building where he works is new.

The same meaning can be expressed in other ways:

The building in which he works is new.

The building which he works in is new.

The building that he works in is new.

The building he works in is new.

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D. Adjective clauses can be restrictive or nonrestrictive.

1. A restrictive adjective clause contains information that is necessary to identify the noun it modifies. If a restrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause changes. A restrictive adjective clause is not separated from the main clause by a comma or commas. Most adjective clauses are restrictive; all of the examples of adjective clauses above are restrictive. Here is another example:

People who can’t swim should not jump into the ocean.

2. A nonrestrictive adjective clause gives additional information about the noun it modifies but is not necessary to identify that noun. If a nonrestrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of the main clause does not change. A nonrestrictive adjective clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or commas. The relative pronoun that cannot be used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted from a nonrestrictive clause. Here is an example:

Billy, who couldn’t swim, should not have jumped into the ocean.

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E. Adjective clauses can often be reduced to phrases. The relative pronoun (RP) must be the subject of the verb in the adjective clause. Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases in two different ways depending on the verb in the adjective clause.

1. RP + BE = 0

People who are living in glass houses should not throw stones. (clause)

People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)

Mary applied for a job that was advertised in the paper. (clause)

Mary applied for a job advertised in the paper. (phrase)

2. RP + OTHER VERB (not BE) = OTHER VERB + ing

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.(clause)

People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)

Students who sit in the front row usually participate more. (clause)

Students sitting in the front row usually participate more. (phrase)

The Simple Present Tense

Pattern : Subject + Verb1

It is used to indicate :

·         Habitual actions.

Ex : I have breakfast at 7am.

       We go to church every Sunday.

·         Repeated actions.

Ex : The bell rings every hour.

        The traffic lights changer every 3 minutes.

·         General truth / facts.

Ex : The sun rises in the East.

        Indonesian people eat rice.

The verb is added by s or es if the subject is the third person singular (he, she, or it) :

·         es is added for the verbs ending in :

ex : ch (catch), s (kiss), sh (brush), x (fix), z (whizz)

·         es is also added for the verb ending in y and it is preceded y a consonant, but y is changed to i first :

ex : study à studies, carry à carries, try     à tries

for the verb ending in y but it is preceded by a vowel, they are only added by s :

ex : pay à pays, say à says

·         es is especially added for the verbs go and do :

ex : go à goes, do à does

To make negative and interrogative sentences, the auxiliary verbs are needed :

            Auxiliary         Subject

                                         I

                DO                 You

                                        We

                                       They

            ----------------------------

                                         He

               DOES               She

                                         It

The time adverbials used in the simple present tense :

always, sometimes, generally, every, usually, frequently, never, rarely, seldom, often, ever.

Inquiry Letter

Inquiry Letter

Inquiry Letter is a letter written to request information and/or ascertain its authenticity. A letter of inquiry deals with various matters like job vacancies, funding, grants, scholarships, projects, sales, pre-proposals and others. The term is common in various business setups as it implies fund request or pre-proposal information. Owing to this usage, the term may be considered exclusive to these setups alone. But that is not the case, to this effect the below definition offers a justified meaning.

Inquiry Letter Definition

A document requesting information sent on behalf of an individual or an organisation for their own respective purposes, which can be mutually beneficial to the recipient and the sender.

The term ‘Inquiry’ is same as ‘Enquiry’. The former is more commonly used in U.S. and the latter one is more common in U.K. There are some other terms which represent the letters; these are Letter of Intent, Letter of Interest, Query letter, Prospecting Letter, Pre-proposal Letter and Concept Paper. The term ‘Cover Letter’, ‘Business Letter’, ‘Request Letter’ and ‘Sales Letter’ is also applied to an inquiry letter especially when the objective is same as that of letter for inquiry.

A letter of inquiry serves to facilitate business operations and satisfaction of the sender. Inquiry letters remove any misunderstanding and are time savers, especially when two parties want to reach an understanding. The communication towards this effect resolves the issue without any delay. With relation to it being a ‘Pre-proposal letter’, the inquiry letter is also termed as a ‘Condensed Version of a Proposal’. It is the outcome of the purpose of the letter which highlights the points of a proposal instead of a full-fledged proposal.

On an individual’s basis, these letters are sent to companies that are willing to hire but haven't advertised job openings. It can also be a letter addressed to editor in-charge of a publication proposing certain literary work. It can be a letter from a student who is vying for a seat in a college or a business that provides an internship. So, the objective of an enquiry letter is same but its projections and audiences are different. Same goes for its method of delivery, it can be sent via paper mail or electronic mail.

An example of inquiry letter

Layout of Business English Letter

Manor House Hotel

Farnham Green, Warnside, Upminster, UB23.
Tel: 091 8976. Fax: 091 9008. E-mail: manhot@xx.itl www.man.itx

—————————————————————————————————————————————

15 January 2011

The Sales Manager,
Melody Modes Ltd.,
Carrham, Upminster UE12.

Your Ref: KPS/C3, Our Ref: Con/13/1

Dear Sir,

Thank you for your letter of 12 January regarding our conference facilities for your sales convention in July this year.

I have pleasure in enclosing our current conference brochure and tariff. You will note that we offer a variety of venues inside the hotel itself, for groups of between 20 and 150 people, with a choice of catering facilities and with or without accommodation. This year we are also able to arrange functions in marquees in the hotel grounds, with a more limited range of catering, but again with or without hotel accommodation.

We have two lecture rooms, with audiovisual equipment – overhead projectors and video and DVD facilities – which might be of interest to you. There are also product display facilities within the hotel.

If you require all or some of your delegates to be accommodated in the hotel, I recommend early booking, as July is one of our peak months. We offer 4-star accommodation, every room with en suite facilities, minibar, television, personal safe, trouser press. We have two restaurants, four bars, a fully equipped gymnasium, and an indoor/outdoor swimming pool.

I look forward to hearing from you further, and I shall be happy to supply any additional information you might require; you will be very welcome to visit the hotel to see for yourself the facilities we offer.

Yours faithfully,

Hector Manning
General Manager(8)

Complaint Letter

A Complaint Letter is a type of letter written to address any type wrong doing, offence, grievance, resentment arising out of a product, service etc. Complaint Letters are used to raise your concerns about unfair things and seek a productive outcome. They are also used to vent out your pent up emotions arising out of your suffering or bad experience. It is a fundamental right and duty of a citizen to seek justice arising out of any injustice, which is initiated by a Complaint. Complaint letters then, become your First Step towards your Consumer Rights. They inspire other hassled consumers, influence the concerned authorities towards taking proper action and make the defaulters more liable, responsible and responsive. This is because unresponsive behaviour of the offender is liable to a Punishable Court Proceeding or an Expensive Lawsuit.

Writing complaints letters is an essential responsibility of the victim whilst seeking positive outcomes. Complaint Letter writing is not only a pre-warning for the offender but also a chance for them to rectify their act in time. These letters are not just meant for defective products, service they can also be written towards any injustice happening in the society, like ‘Smoking in Public’, ‘Misuse of Water by any Person or an Organisation’ and any issue happening in society which needs to be addressed.

Anyone can complaint through letter if there is a legitimate reason. Anyone can write a letter to the administration regarding the pollution, water supply, traffic problems, shortage of electricity etc. You don’t need to be a lawyers or an influential person. All you need to do is to learn to write a complaint letter in an appropriate manner with all the relevant information included. In the matter contained here, you will get all the tips to write a complaint letter.

Types of Complaint Letters

Complaint letters are of different types and different reasons and depending upon that they can be categorised accordingly.

Depending on the level of an organisation or an individual these can be:

1.      Personal Complaint Letters - When a letter is written at a personal level by an individual it is called as Personal Complaint Letter. These are written by consumers to get refund, replace a product etc.  These are also written for grievances’ regarding a service or any issue affecting the individual or society at large.

2.      Professional Complaint Letters - When a letter is written on behalf of an organisation it is called known as Professional Complaint Letter. These letters have the backing of an organisation and are mostly related to professional items and services.

An example of complaint letter

56 Disgruntled Street
Somewhere Unhappy
1AM MAD

Customer Service Manager
That Awful Company
Somewhere Awful
UR BAD

June 15, 2008

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing today to complain of the poor service I received from your company on June 12, 2008. I was visited by a representative of That Awful Company, Mr. Madman, at my home on that day.

Mr. Madman was one hour late for his appointment and offered nothing by way of apology when he arrived at noon. Your representative did not remove his muddy shoes upon entering my house, and consequently left a trail of dirt in the hallway. Mr. Madman then proceeded to present a range of products to me that I had specifically told his assistant by telephone I was not interested in. I repeatedly tried to ask your representative about the products that were of interest to me, but he refused to deal with my questions. We ended our meeting after 25 minutes without either of us having accomplished anything.

I am most annoyed that I wasted a morning (and half a day's vacation) waiting for Mr. Madman to show up. My impression of That Awful Company has been tarnished, and I am now concerned about how my existing business is being managed by your firm. Furthermore, Mr. Madman's inability to remove his muddy shoes has meant that I have had to engage the services, and incur the expense, of a professional carpet cleaner.

I trust this is not the way That Awful Company wishes to conduct business with valued customers—I have been with you since the company was founded and have never encountered such treatment before. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss matters further and to learn of how you propose to prevent a similar situation from recurring. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,

V. Angry

Application Letter

Application Letter is a letter written for a variety of purposes in our day to day activities which can be domestic or professional. It is a liability conferred upon the sender by an authority. In such a liability the sender is expected to explain, inform/pre-inform the authoritative receiver about particular ongoing/upcoming activities, events, process or procedures. It is also a written request when written for assistance, admission, employment, favour, information, permission, service etc. A letter of application is also an accompanying document as and when required. When it does so it is known as Cover Letter. An application letter is largely a formal type of letter as it follows a predefined format which is applicable to most type of application letters.

Types of Application Letters

• Application letter for teachers

• Application letter resume

• Bursary application letter / application for grant

• Business application letter

• Internship application letter / application letter for internship

• Job application letter / application letter for job

• Leave application letter

• Loan application letter

• School application letter

• Scholarship application letter / application letter for scholarship

• Visa application letter

Often you will come across information that limits the meaning of application letter to that of just a cover letter. But the multipurpose role of application letter makes it meaning broad and in that sense it also a request letter and an inquiry letter. Varied practices across the globe and the prominence of same type of information related to application letter does not let it come across as any other type of letter. For most of us, the internet is the final or ultimate source of information. Search for the term ‘Application Letter’ on the internet and you will come across information which is indecisive.

Many confirm letter of application as same as a cover letter while some disagree. But the truth is mentioned in the above paragraph. To confine application letter to cover letter is to limit its definition and propagate misunderstanding. Towards this effect, let us go through an example. You want certain holidays from your college and you write a leave application letter to the principal. This letter is an application of request. Similarly, when you need to get a new account passbook issued from the bank you are requested to write a letter. When you want a loan from a bank, you apply for it by an application letter. These and many more point out to the varied uses of letter of application.

An example of application letter

John Donaldson
8 Sue Circle
Smithtown, CA 08067
909-555-5555
john.donaldson@emailexample.com

Date

George Gilhooley
XYZ Company
87 Delaware Road
Hatfield, CA 08065

Dear Mr. Gilhooley,

I am writing to apply for the programmer position advertised in the Times Union. As requested, I am enclosing a completed job application, my certification, my resume and three references.

The opportunity presented in this listing is very interesting, and I believe that my strong technical experience and education will make me a very competitive candidate for this position. The key strengths that I possess for success in this position include:

• I have successfully designed, developed, and supported live use applications
• I strive for continued excellence
• I provide exceptional contributions to customer service for all customers

With a BS degree in Computer Programming, I have a full understanding of the full life cycle of a software development project. I also have experience in learning and excelling at new technologies as needed.

Please see my resume for additional information on my experience.

I can be reached anytime via email at john.donaldson@emailexample.com or my cell phone, 909-555-5555.

Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to speaking with you about this employment opportunity.

Sincerely,

Signature (for hard copy letter)

John Donaldson

Order letter

An order letter is usually written when a company purchases or buys  or orders goods or services from another party. An order letter can also be written by an individual who would like to buy or purchase goods or services. Here is an Order Letter you  might need  when  you order goods and materials.  Do not forget to clearly state the exact name of the merchandise, the price, and the amount of payment being sent. 

An example of order letter

 Mancini Kitchen Equipment

Troy D. Mancini

4220 Straford Park
Harold, KY 41635



Dear Mr. Mancini,

We would like to purchase twenty two (22) individual stand mixers (Model #43423), all in the color red.

 We would like you to charge this purchase to the preexisting account that we have with you, business account #543234.

We hope to receive this order no later than Friday, November 11th, 2009. Attached to this letter please find our preferred shipping method and receiving address.

Please confirm that you received this order by calling us at 232-231-4563 anytime during business hours, Monday to Friday.

Thank you for your cooperation

Keller Kitchen Co.

Memo Letter

A short message or record used for internal communication in a business.

Once the primary form of internal written communication, memorandums (or memos) have declined in use since the introduction of email and other forms of electronic messaging.

An example of memo letter

Jakarta, April 02, 2013
Quantum Komputer
5th Floor, Mangga Dua Mall
Blok D26, Jakarta

Dear Mr. Richard Setyawan

I am interested in the items contained in the Computer Magazines March 30 issue of the computer magazine 2013.I want to order :

• 1 piece external hard drive with a capacity of 2 terabytes
• 1 internal hard drive with a capacity of 1 terabytes
• 2 piece external hard drive with a capacity 500 gigabytes

please be sent to the address of Jl. Mampang Prapatan IV 34 A, Tegal Parang, South Jakarta.
for the payment I will immediately transfer into your account ..

Yours sincerely,

Marjuan

Sumber :

http://www.englet.com/order

http://letters.targetstudy.com/inquiry-letter/

http://letters.targetstudy.com/inquiry-letter-for-possible-job-openings.html

http://letters.targetstudy.com/application-letter/

http://letters.targetstudy.com/scholarship-application-letter.html

http://letters.targetstudy.com/complaint-letter/

http://letters.targetstudy.com/customer-complaint-letter.html

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/memoranterm.htm